Phytochemicals Unveiled: Exploring the Mechanisms and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants in Modern Medicine and Drug Development 

Bwensiyo Twebaza H.

Faculty of Science and Technology Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals, bioactive compounds produced by plants, are key to the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants in traditional medicine. These compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides, exhibit diverse biological activities with distinct mechanisms of action. Recent research has revived interest in these compounds, highlighting their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. Flavonoids modulate critical pathways like NF-κB and MAPK, alkaloids like morphine offer analgesic effects, and terpenoids exhibit antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Glycosides, such as those from Digitalis purpurea, support cardiac function in heart-related conditions. The integration of phytochemicals into modern drug development is increasingly recognized as a strategy to address contemporary health challenges, such as drug resistance. However, challenges like bioavailability and standardization must be overcome. Technological advancements, such as high-performance screening and refined extraction methods, are accelerating the discovery and characterization of these bioactive compounds. By combining modern science and traditional knowledge, phytochemicals offer promising solutions for developing sustainable and innovative therapies.

Keywords: Phytochemicals, medicinal plants, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and traditional medicine

CITE AS: Bwensiyo Twebaza H. (2025). Phytochemicals Unveiled: Exploring the Mechanisms and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants in Modern Medicine and Drug Development. INOSR Scientific Research 12(1):39-47. https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRSR/2025/12.1.394700