Urban, Peri-Urban, and Rural Malaria Transmission Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Review

Mwende Wairimu G.

School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International University Uganda

                                                                          ABSTRACT
Malaria transmission dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, with rural areas historically accounting for the majority of cases. However, the rapid urbanization of SSA has led to an increasing incidence of malaria in urban and peri-urban areas, where unplanned settlements, poor sanitation, and the emergence of urban-adapted mosquito vectors are driving new transmission patterns. This comparative review examines the malaria transmission dynamics across urban, peri-urban, and rural settings, highlighting the ecological, environmental, and socio-economic factors influencing malaria burden in each context. Urbanization has altered traditional transmission patterns, creating focal points in informal settlements, while peri-urban zones experience a blend of rural and urban transmission drivers. Understanding these distinct dynamics is critical for tailoring malaria control strategies. The review emphasizes the need for fine-scale surveillance, targeted interventions, and integrated environmental and vector management across diverse settings. By synthesizing the key factors that influence transmission, the study aims to improve the effectiveness of malaria control programs, ensuring they are context-specific and responsive to evolving transmission challenges in SSA.

Keywords: Malaria transmission, urbanization, peri-urban areas, rural settings, vector ecology, Anopheles stephensi.

CITE AS: Mwende Wairimu G. (2026). Urban, Peri-Urban, and Rural Malaria Transmission Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Review. INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 14(2):81-87.
https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRAS/2025/14.2.8187